Spain, Britain, Eastern Europe, Scandinavia. Kings of the Asturias, Navarre, Leon, Castile,Aragon, Portugal, Spain, England, Scotland, Ireland,Great Britain, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Moravia,Croatia, Bohemia, Hungary, and Poland. The Chola dynasty was one of the longestruling dynasties in the history of southern India. The earliest datable references to this Tamil dynasty are in inscriptions. While you may know the race of some of these stars, we doubt youll know all of them. See our list of 25 Celebrities You Didnt Know Were Black. May 30th, 1970 RADIO SOUNDS OF WW II AT HOME. PROGRAM 5 DINAH SHORE SHOW 11543 Armed Forces Radio rebroadcast for servicemen with Dinah, Gordon Jenkins and. Book_Of_The_Atlantic.png/revision/latest?cb=20160224062222&path-prefix=ru' alt='Black Butler Ii Sub Indo' title='Black Butler Ii Sub Indo' />Introduction. The historically central kingdoms of Francia, besides. France proper West Francia, were. Tomates le moteur de recherche de tomodori. 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South of Italy, which were all originally parts of the Roman Empire except for Ireland and northern Scotland. Catholic and then Protestant Eastern Europe. Scandinavia, and. Frankish Crusader kingdoms of Outremer, which came to include the mainland kingdom of Jerusalem, the island kingdom of Cyprus, and the Latin Emperors in Constantinople. Outremer across the sea was a kind of colony, and a temporary one, of Francia. Mostly Orthodox or Islmic in faith, it is culturally part of Islam or, in so far as it is recovered from the Islamic Conquest, part of Mediaeval Romania. As such, it is peripheral even to the periphery of Francia. All the parts of it ended up conquered by the Turks. However, the Franks were there because they remembered that the area had been part of Romania, thought of themselves as the proper heirs of Rome, and were intent on reversing the Islamic Conquest. They had agreed with the Emperor Alexius Comnenus in Constantinople that they would return former Roman possessions. No one really understood this to mean a place like Jerusalem, however, which had been lost for centuries. If it did mean Antioch, which recently had been Roman, even this was disregarded by the first Princes of Antioch. Today within Palestine, we now find the unique Jewish State of Israel, which seeks to undo, not just the Islamic Conquest, but the earlier Roman Conquest of Judaea. Culturally, the Periphery of Francia is distinguished by the same characteristics detailed for Francia, i. Bishop of Rome, the Pope now considered the head of the Catholic Church, although the Orthodox Church of Constantinople. Katholik, the use of the Latin language and alphabet, etc. Some of these areas seem more peripheral than others. Spain became the center of European power in the 1. Britain in the 1. All the great wars of the 1. Core of Francia and then drew in the Peripheral states. An exception to all this was when Scandinavia was the center, if not of European power, certainly of the most energetic of European events. That stretched from the 9th to the 1. Second Dark Age. The Scandinavians of that period, Vikings then Normans in the West and Varangians then Russians in the East, were still pagan, and their raids and conquests were a threat everywhere in Francia. Christianization in the 1. Normans and Russians. My sources for all these tables are often given with the specific tables. A discussion of general sources is given under Francia. Chola dynasty Wikipedia. The Chola dynasty was one of the longest ruling dynasties in the history of southern India. The earliest datable references to this Tamil dynasty are in inscriptions from the 3rd century BCE left by Ashoka, of the Maurya Empire. As one of the Three Crowned Kings of Tamilakam, the dynasty continued to govern over varying territory until the 1. CE. The heartland of the Cholas was the fertile valley of the Kaveri River, but they ruled a significantly larger area at the height of their power from the later half of the 9th century till the beginning of the 1. The whole country south of the Tungabhadra was united and held as one state for a period of two centuries and more. Under Rajaraja Chola I and his successors Rajendra Chola I, Rajadhiraja Chola, Virarajendra Chola and Kulothunga Chola I the dynasty became a military, economic and cultural power in South Asia and South East Asia. The power of the new empire was proclaimed to the eastern world by the expedition to the Ganges which Rajendra Chola I undertook and by the naval raids on cities of the maritime empire of Srivijaya, as well as by the repeated embassies to China. The Chola fleet represented the zenith of ancient Indian sea power. During the period 1. Chola territories stretched from the islands of the Maldives in the south to as far north as the banks of the Godavari River in Andhra Pradesh. Rajaraja Chola conquered peninsular South India, annexed parts of which is now Sri Lanka and occupied the islands of the Maldives. Rajendra Chola sent a victorious expedition to North India that touched the river Ganges and defeated the Pala ruler of Pataliputra, Mahipala. He also successfully invaded cities of Srivijaya of Malaysia and Indonesia. The Chola dynasty went into decline at the beginning of the 1. Pandyan Dynasty, which ultimately caused their downfall. The Cholas left a lasting legacy. Their patronage of Tamil literature and their zeal in the building of temples has resulted in some great works of Tamil literature and architecture. The Chola kings were avid builders and envisioned the temples in their kingdoms not only as places of worship but also as centres of economic activity. They pioneered a centralised form of government and established a disciplined bureaucracy. The Chola school of art spread to Southeast Asia and influenced the architecture and art of Southeast Asia. Origins. The Cholas are also known as the Choda. There is very little information available in regarding their origin. Its antiquity is evident from the mentions in ancient Tamil literature and in inscriptions. Later medieval Cholas also claimed a long and ancient lineage. Mentions in the early Sangam literature c. CEa indicate that the earliest kings of the dynasty antedated 1. CE. Cholas were mentioned in Ashokan Edicts of 3rd Century BCE as one of the neighboring countries existing in the South. A commonly held view is that Chola is, like Chera and Pandya, the name of the ruling family or clan of immemorial antiquity. The annotator Parimelazhagar said The charity of people with ancient lineage such as the Cholas, the Pandyas and the Cheras are forever generous in spite of their reduced means. Other names in common use for the Cholas are Killi, Valavan and Sembiyan. Killi perhaps comes from the Tamil kil meaning dig or cleave and conveys the idea of a digger or a worker of the land. This word often forms an integral part of early Chola names like Nedunkilli, Nalankilli and so on, but almost drops out of use in later times. Valavan is most probably connected with valam   fertility and means owner or ruler of a fertile country. Sembiyan is generally taken to mean a descendant of Shibi  a legendary hero whose self sacrifice in saving a dove from the pursuit of a falcon figures among the early Chola legends and forms the subject matter of the Sibi Jataka among the Jataka stories of Buddhism. In Tamil lexicon Chola means Soazhi or Saei denoting a newly formed kingdom, in the lines of Pandya or the old country. There is very little written evidence available of the Cholas prior to the 7th century. Historic records exist thereafter, including inscriptions on temples. During the past 1. Tamil Sangam literature, oral traditions, religious texts, temple and copperplate inscriptions. The main source for the available information of the early Cholas is the early Tamil literature of the Sangam Period. There are also brief notices on the Chola country and its towns, ports and commerce furnished by the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea Periplus Maris Erythraei, and in the slightly later work of the geographer Ptolemy. Mahavamsa, a Buddhist text written down during the 5th century CE, recounts a number of conflicts between the inhabitants of Ceylon and Cholas in the 1st century BCE. Cholas are mentioned in the Pillars of Ashoka inscribed 2. Drum Sounds Wav Download'>Drum Sounds Wav Download. BCE2. 32 BCE inscriptions, where they are mentioned among the kingdoms which, though not subject to Ashoka, were on friendly terms with him. History. The history of the Cholas falls into four periods the Early Cholas of the Sangam literature, the interregnum between the fall of the Sangam Cholas and the rise of the Imperial medieval Cholas under Vijayalaya c. Vijayalaya, and finally the Later Chola dynasty of Kulothunga Chola I from the third quarter of the 1. Early Cholas. The earliest Chola kings for whom there is tangible evidence are mentioned in the Sangam literature. Scholars generally agree that this literature belongs to the second or first few centuries of the common era. The internal chronology of this literature is still far from settled, and at present a connected account of the history of the period cannot be derived. It records the names of the kings and the princes, and of the poets who extolled them. The Sangam literature also records legends about mythical Chola kings. These myths speak of the Chola king Kantaman, a supposed contemporary of the sage Agastya, whose devotion brought the river Kaveri into existence. Two names are prominent among those Chola kings known to have existed who feature in Sangam literature Karikala Chola and Kocengannan. There are no sure means of settling the order of succession, of fixing their relations with one another and with many other princelings of around the same period. Urayur now a part of Thiruchirapalli was their oldest capital. Kaveripattinam also served as an early Chola capital. The Mahavamsa mentions that an ethnic Tamil adventurer, a Chola prince known as Elara, invaded the island Sri Lanka and conquered it around 2. BCE with the help of a Mysore army. Interregnum. South India in BC 3. Chera, Pandya and Chola Kingdoms. There is not much information about the transition period of around three centuries from the end of the Sangam age c. Pandyas and Pallavas dominated the Tamil country. An obscure dynasty, the Kalabhras invaded Tamil country, displaced the existing kingdoms and ruled during that time. They were displaced by the Pallava dynasty and the Pandyan dynasty in the 6th century. Little is known of the fate of the Cholas during the succeeding three centuries until the accession of Vijayalaya in the second quarter of the 9th century.